Unlike rhdv1, the new rhdv2 strain has been shown to be able to kill hares of least two species. Therefore, cottontails are at risk of infection with the two lagoviruses endemically present in italy. The type of necrosis with most of the cells karyolitic and without a defined pattern distribution is more in agreement with the lesions described in european brown hare syndrome ebhs, although the reports of rhdv and rdhv2 infected rabbits consistently refer to severe necrotic liver lesions 43, 46, 24, 41. European brown hare syndrome virus, here used as an outgroup, and clearly apart from a highly supported primary group that was further subdivided into 2 also highly supported subgroups, 1 composed of pathogenic rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strains and another encompassing the rcvlike group rcv, ashington and lambay 2, and mrcv. The first fullgenome sequence of a hare calicivirus hacv, recently characterized as a novel member of the caliciviridae, is described.
The rhdv2 strains characterized in hares are underlined. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 rhdv2 belongs to the family caliciviridae, genus lagovirus, along with rhdv, european brown hare syndrome virus. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus rhdv is a calicivirus in the genus lagovirus causing acute hepatic necrosis in european rabbits oryctolagus cuniculus, leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation and death in greater than or equal to90% of susceptible animals 1. Spillover events of infection of brown hares lepus. The eastern cottontail sylvilagus floridanus also seems susceptible to ebhsv infection lavazza et al. The european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv strain gd. Coronavirus surveillance helps, but the programs are hard. The rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and european brown hare syndrome virus were placed into the lagovirus group. They generally appear spherical on electron microscopy of material from infected hares, and have been described as having short projections on the surface, having an irregular surface, or having regular cupshaped depressions. The european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv strain gd z69620 was used as an outgroup to root the tree. European brown hare syndrome virus, genetic analysis introduction european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv is classified within the lagovirus genus of the caliciviridae family.
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease rhd and european brown hare. The disease was first described in scandinavia in the 1980s and has since occurred in numerous european countries. Longevity in the wild, european hares may live for. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus rhdv is a lagovirus that can cause fatal hepatitis rabbit haemorrhagic disease, rhd with mortality of 8090% in farmed and wild rabbits.
Since 1986, rhdv has caused outbreaks in rabbits oryctolagus cuniculus in europe, but never in european brown hares lepus europaeus, ebh. Federal research centre for virus disease of animals, tubingen, germany. European brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv laboklin gmbh. European brown hare syndrome is a virus specific to hares that is closely related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease calici virus. Lepus europaeus with rabbit haemorrhagic disease type 2 virus. Molecular methods in detection and epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology and diagnosis of the european brown hare syndrome in scandinavian countries. Since the early 1980s, the disease has been endemic in europe. A suspected cause of the decline in european hares is european brown hare syndrome virus their equivalent of rhdv cowan 2004. Clinical and pathological features of viral haemorrhagic. Detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 during. Rhdv2 was first detected in european rabbits oryctolagus cuniculus in france in 2010 le gallrecule and others 2011. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 rhdv2 belongs to the family caliciviridae, genus lagovirus, along with rhdv, european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv and other unassigned rabbit caliciviruses rcvs.
The genetic analysis of new polish strains of european. European brown hare syndrome ebhs is a highly contagious, acute disease of the european hare lepus europeaus and mountain hare lepus timidus first described in the early 1980s in northern europe gavierwiden and morner 1991. European brown hare syndrome ebhs virus is a member of the genus lagovirus. Bootstrap probability values above 70% for replicate runs are indicated at the nodes. The two most abundant kinds are the european brown hare and the snowshoe hare. Largescale lagovirus disease outbreaks in european brown hares. Integrated hare control established invasive animals. European brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv is the cause of a highly contagious disease associated with severe necrotizing hepatitis affecting european hares lepus europaeus and, to a lesser. Molecular evolution and antigenic variation of european. Production, characterization, and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies against different subtypes of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus rhdv. Ebhsv european brown hare syndrome virus acronymfinder. The etiologic agent, european brown hare syndrome virus, was observed in the livers of infected hares and later identified as a cv. The livers from 50 brown hares lepus europaeus were examined by electron microscopy for caliciviruslike particles typical of the virus of european brown.
In transmission and protection studies the virus from u. To verify the susceptibility of sylvilagus to these viruses, we analyzed 471 sera and 108 individuals from cottontail populations in 9 provinces of north. It causes a highly contagious and fatal disease in freeliving and farmed hares. European business air news how is european business air. Production, characterization, and epitope mapping of. The european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv strain bs89 genbank accession no x98002 was used as an out. Those are nonenveloped viruses whose positivestrand rna genomes are 7. European brown hare syndrome synonyms, european brown hare. Relationship between antieuropean brown hare syndrome. Spillover events of infection of brown hares lepus europaeus with rabbit haemorrhagic disease type 2 virus rhdv2 caused sporadic cases of an european brown hare syndromelike disease in. European brown hare syndrome virus, here used as an outgroup, and clearly apart from a highly supported primary group that was further subdivided into 2 also highly supported subgroups, 1 composed of pathogenic rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus.
The genomic organization and the viral proteins of ebhs and rhdv are also similar in many aspects. Epidemiology and diagnosis of the european brown hare. Independently of the sequences length, rcva1 was more closely related to the lagovirus spp. There is a single major capsid protein, about 60 kda, sharing epitopes with the capsid protein of rhdv. Detection and circulation of a novel rabbit hemorrhagic. European brown hare syndrome ebhs is a highly contagious, acute and fatal disease of the european brown hare lepus europaeus and. European hare populations have declined across europe since the 1960s. The feline, san miguel sea lion virus and vesicular exanthema of swine caliciviruses were placed into the vesivirus group. In 2010, a new rhdv related virus rhdv2 with a unique genetic and antigenic profile and lower virulence was identified in france in rabbits. In 2010, a new genotype called rhdv2 emerged in france. Genetic analysis of the first european brown hare syndrome virus.
New variants of european brown hare syndrome virus strains in freeranging european brown hares lepus europaeus from slovakia article pdf available in journal of wildlife diseases 431. Molecular epidemiology of european brown hare syndrome virus in france between 1989 and 2003. The first cv disease documented in lagomorphs was likely the european brown hare syndrome that was recognized in denmark in 1982. Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with t3 icosahedral symmetry. Lagovirus is an emerging genus of caliciviridae, which includes the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus rhdv of rabbits and the european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv of hares that cause lethal hepatitis. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the capsid protein of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus rhdv were used to identify field cases of european brown hare. This presumed nonpathogenic lagovirus is 7,433 nucleotides long, shows the same genomic organization as that of other lagoviruses, and has the highest nucleotide identity 79% with pathogenic european brown hare syndrome viruses. First complete genome sequence of a hare calicivirus. Molecular epidemiology of european brown hare syndrome. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus rhdv is a lagovirus that causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease rhd in european rabbits oryctolagus cuniculus. The new french 2010 rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Field and experimental data indicate that the eastern cottontail sylvilagus floridanus is susceptible to infection with european brown hare syndrome ebhs virus and not with rabbit haemorrhagic disease rhd virus. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the capsid protein of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus rhdv were used to identify field cases of european brown hare syndrome ebhs and to distinguish between rhdv and the virus responsible for ebhs.
There is a single major capsid protein, vp60, which has a perceived molecular weight slightly greater than that of vp60 of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, with which ebhsv shares some epitopes. European brown hare syndrome article about european. The bias toward studying viruses associated with overt disease is apparent in the lagoviruses family caliciviridae that infect rabbits and hares. Largescale lagovirus disease outbreaks in european brown. European brown hare syndrome jan 2019 wildlife health australia. Studies of the rhdv2 also show that, while it is still a rabbit calicivirus, it also shares many genetic similarities with european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv that can kill hares. European breakdown tyre service how is european breakdown tyre service abbreviated. This presumed nonpathogenic lagovirus is 7,433 nucleotides long, shows the same genomic organization as that of other lagoviruses, and has the highest nucleotide identity 79% with pathogenic european brown. European brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv is the aetiological agent of european brown hare syndrome ebhs, a disease affecting lepus europaeus and lepus timidus first diagnosed in sweden in 1980.
European brown hare syndrome ebhs, also called viral hepatitis of hares, is a disease of the hare species lepus europaeus and lepus timidus. Synonyms for european brown hare syndrome in free thesaurus. The system, initially developed for counterterrorism, uses algorithms. Overall detection and identification techniques editorial comment.
Outbreaks among european brown hares lepus europaeus, pallas of a fatal disease associated with severe liver damage have occurred in sweden since the beginning of the 1980s. Novel calicivirus identified in rabbits, michigan, usa. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus rhdv and european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in mega software version 5 36. Pdf new variants of european brown hare syndrome virus.
The 15 french rhdv2 strains characterized in this study in rabbits and hares are in bold and their names are followed by the number for hares or the letter for rabbits. Detection of rhdv2 in european brown hares lepus europaeus. Field and experimental data indicate that the eastern. European brown hare syndrome ebhs is a disease caused by a calicivirus similar to that causing rabbit haemorrhagic disease rhs and can similarly be fatal, but cross infection between the two mammal species does not occur.
This virus currently affects hare populations but has not been detected in australia. A hare is bigger than a rabbit, has longer ears, and possesses more powerful hind legs. Potential role of wolf canis lupus as passive carrier of. It exhibits a larger host range than classical rhdv strains by sporadically infecting different hare species, including the european hare lepus europaeus. Taxonomy of the caliciviruses the journal of infectious. These are european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv, which causes disease similar to rhdv in hares only lepus spp. The preferred sample for virus or antigen detection is the liver, as this contains the highest viral load. The european brown hare syndrome virus ebhsv is a small non enveloped, single stranded rna virus. It spread rapidly throughout europe dalton and others 2012.
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